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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">xDNA</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>xDNA</b> ist eine <a href="K%C3%BCnstliche_DNA" title="Künstliche DNA">künstliche DNA</a>, bei der acht verschiedene <a href="Nukleinbasen" title="Nukleinbasen">Nukleinbasen</a> verwendet werden.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Die <a href="DNA-Sequenz" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA-Sequenz">DNA-Sequenz</a> von xDNA kann zusätzlich zu den vier natürlichen Nukleinbasen <a href="Adenin" title="Adenin">Adenin</a>, <a href="Thymin" title="Thymin">Thymin</a>, <a href="Cytosin" title="Cytosin">Cytosin</a> und <a href="Guanin" title="Guanin">Guanin</a> auch die vier synthetischen Nukleinbasen xA, xT, xC und xG enthalten.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die synthetischen Basen wurden jeweils um einen <a href="Benzolring" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzolring">Benzolring</a> erweitert, wodurch der Durchmesser der Doppelhelix etwas größer (2,4 Nanometer im Vergleich zu 2 nm bei <a href="B-DNA" title="B-DNA">B-DNA</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_21981660_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_21981660-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die beiden Furchen erweitert<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und die <a href="Fluoreszenz" title="Fluoreszenz">Fluoreszenz</a> verstärkt wird.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es wurden auch synthetische Nukleinbasen erzeugt, die um einen <a href="Naphthylgruppe" title="Naphthylgruppe">Naphthylring</a> erweitert wurden (xxDNA).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<td><a href="Adenin" title="Adenin">Adenin</a>
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<td><a href="Thymin" title="Thymin">Thymin</a>
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<td><a href="Cytosin" title="Cytosin">Cytosin</a>
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<td><a href="Guanin" title="Guanin">Guanin</a>
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<td>xA
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<td>xT
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<td>xC
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<td>xG
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<p>Die <a href="Basenpaarung" class="mw-redirect" title="Basenpaarung">Basenpaarung</a> der synthetischen Nukleinbasen in einer <a href="Doppelhelix" title="Doppelhelix">Doppelhelix</a> ist analog zu ihren natürlichen Gegenstücken. Bei der bakteriellen <a href="Genexpression" title="Genexpression">Genexpression</a> werden die synthetischen Nukleinbasen als ihre natürlichen Gegenstücke erkannt, wenn auch mit geringerer Effizienz.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_21981660_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_21981660-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Chargaff-Regeln" title="Chargaff-Regeln">Chargaff-Regeln</a></li>
<li><a href="DNA#Nicht-Standard-Basen" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA Nicht-Standard-Basen</a></li>
<li><a href="Nukleins%C3%A4ure-Nomenklatur" title="Nukleinsäure-Nomenklatur">Nukleinsäure-Nomenklatur</a></li>
<li><a href="Hachimoji-DNA" title="Hachimoji-DNA">Hachimoji-DNA</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. R. Lynch, H. Liu, J. Gao, E. T. Kool: <i>Toward a designed, functioning genetic system with expanded-size base pairs: solution structure of the eight-base xDNA double helix.</i> In: <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society.</i> Band 128, Nummer 45, November 2006, S. 14704–14711, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja065606n" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/ja065606n">doi:10.1021/ja065606n</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17090058?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17090058</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2519095/">PMC 2519095</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-PMID_21981660-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID_21981660_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PMID_21981660_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">A. T. Krueger, L. W. Peterson, J. Chelliserry, D. J. Kleinbaum, E. T. Kool: <i>Encoding phenotype in bacteria with an alternative genetic set.</i> In: <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society.</i> Band 133, Nummer 45, November 2011, S. 18447–18451, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja208025e" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/ja208025e">doi:10.1021/ja208025e</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21981660?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21981660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3255458/">PMC 3255458</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. R. Blas, O. Huertas, C. Tabares, B. G. Sumpter, M. Fuentes-Cabrera, M. Orozco, P. Ordejón, F. J. Luque: <i>Structural, dynamical, and electronic transport properties of modified DNA duplexes containing size-expanded nucleobases.</i> In: <i>The journal of physical chemistry. A.</i> Band 115, Nummer 41, Oktober 2011, S. 11344–11354, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jp205122c" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/jp205122c">doi:10.1021/jp205122c</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21888322?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21888322</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. K. Jarchow-Choy, A. T. Krueger, H. Liu, J. Gao, E. T. Kool: <i>Fluorescent xDNA nucleotides as efficient substrates for a template-independent polymerase.</i> In: <i>Nucleic acids research.</i> Band 39, Nummer 4, März 2011, S. 1586–1594, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq853" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1093/nar/gkq853">doi:10.1093/nar/gkq853</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947563?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20947563</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045586/">PMC 3045586</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Varsano, A. Garbesi, R. Di Felice: <i>Ab initio optical absorption spectra of size-expanded xDNA base assemblies.</i> In: <i>The journal of physical chemistry. B.</i> Band 111, Nummer 50, Dezember 2007, S. 14012–14021, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jp075711z" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/jp075711z">doi:10.1021/jp075711z</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18034470?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18034470</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Sharma, L. A. Lait, S. D. Wetmore: <i>Exploring the limits of nucleobase expansion: computational design of naphthohomologated (xx-) purines and comparison to the natural and xDNA purines.</i> In: <i>Physical chemistry chemical physics: PCCP.</i> Band 15, Nummer 37, Oktober 2013, S. 15538–15549, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp52656a" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1039/c3cp52656a">doi:10.1039/c3cp52656a</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23942832?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23942832</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. C. Delaney, J. Gao, H. Liu, N. Shrivastav, J. M. Essigmann, E. T. Kool: <i>Efficient replication bypass of size-expanded DNA base pairs in bacterial cells.</i> In: <i>Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English).</i> Band 48, Nummer 25, 2009, S. 4524–4527, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200805683" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1002/anie.200805683">doi:10.1002/anie.200805683</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19444841?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19444841</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3434874/">PMC 3434874</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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